Adult Brainstem Gliomas: Clinical Management, Long term Functional Outcomes, and Survivorship Perspectives

Saim Mahmood Khan*, Jawairya Muhammad Hussain, Zarnab Saleem, Mehak Rani, Sandhiya Punshi, Chohiet Kumar, Usha Devi, Laiba Mohtasham, Ayesha Mohtasham, Imam Bux Soomro, Zahra Amjad, Surraiya Riaz Mahmood Khan

Received : May 21, 2026 | Published : July 17, 2026

Citation: Mahmood Khan S, Muhammad Hussain J, Saleem Z, Rani M, Punshi S, Kumar C, Devi U, Mohtasham L, Mohtasham A, Soomro IB, Amjad A, Mahmood Khan SR. Adult Brainstem Gliomas: Clinical Management, Long term Functional Outcomes, and Survivorship Perspectives. Neurosci Insights Adv Brain Stud. 2026;2(2):1-14.

Abstract

Background: Adult brainstem tumors are rare and challenging due to the concentration of vital neuroanatomical structures. While treatment advances have improved survival, long-term functional outcomes in adults remain underexplored.

Objectives: This review aims to provide an in-depth evaluation of the long-term functional outcomes in adults treated for brainstem tumors, focusing on primary and secondary neoplasms in adults.

Methodology: An extensive literature search was conducted from July 1st to 15th using PubMed, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect with the keywords: Brainstem tumors or Brainstem gliomas and Microsurgical resection and Stereotactic Radiosurgery or Cranial nerve deficits and Cognitive function. Inclusion criteria encompassed English-language studies on functional outcomes in adults (≥18 years) with brainstem tumors. Pediatric-only studies or those reporting surgical techniques without outcomes were excluded. Searches used Boolean operators, language filters, and an 11-year publication window.

Results: Common functional impairments observed include hemiparesis, dysphagia, diplopia, and neurocognitive decline, which are often persistent and vary in severity. Treatment modality, tumor type and location are critical determinants of outcomes. Rehabilitation strategies, including physical, speech, and occupational therapy, play a vital role in recovery, especially when integrated into multidisciplinary care models. Emerging approaches like tele-rehabilitation and AI-assisted neuroimaging hold promise for personalized follow-up and improved functional outcome.

Conclusions: Functional outcomes must be prioritized in the management of adult brainstem tumors. There is a critical need for standardized assessment tools and prospective studies to inform clinical decision-making. Adopting a holistic, patient-centered approach, alongside continued research, is essential to optimize survivorship and quality of life in this population.